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      <title>如何设计一个优雅的异常处理策略？ - 交互式测验</title>
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        #question-text {
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        .option-item {
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          border: 1px solid #dee2e6;
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        .option-item:hover {
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        .quiz-footer {
          padding: 20px 30px;
          display: flex;
          justify-content: space-between; /* 将按钮分布在两侧 */
          align-items: center;
          min-height: 65px; /* Reserve space */
        }

        .nav-btn {
          background-color: #4a90e2;
          color: white;
          border: none;
          border-radius: 8px;
          padding: 10px 20px;
          font-size: 16px;
          font-weight: 500;
          cursor: pointer;
          transition: background-color 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease;
          box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
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        .nav-btn:hover {
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      </style>
    </head>
    <body>
      <div class="main-wrapper">
          <div class="quiz-container">
            <div class="quiz-header">
              <h1>如何设计一个优雅的异常处理策略？ - 交互式测验</h1>
              <p>检验你对文档内容的理解程度</p>
            </div>
            <div id="quiz-content">
                <div class="quiz-body">
                    <div class="progress-bar">
                        <div id="progress-indicator"></div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="question-container">
                      <p id="question-text"></p>
                      <ul class="options-list" id="options-list"></ul>
                    </div>
                    <div id="result-container"></div>
                    <div id="hint-container" class="hint-container"></div>
                </div>
                <div class="quiz-footer" id="quiz-footer">
                  <button id="prev-btn" class="nav-btn">上一题</button>
                  <button id="hint-btn" class="nav-btn" style="background-color: #ffc107; color: #333; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(255,193,7,0.3);">提示</button>
                  <button id="next-btn" class="nav-btn">下一题</button>
                </div>
            </div>
          </div>
      </div>

      <script>
        const quizData = [
  {
    "question": "根据文档，当发生如“数据验证失败”或“操作不允许”这类与业务规则直接相关的错误时，应将其归类为哪种类型的异常？",
    "options": [
      "系统异常 (System Exception)",
      "业务异常 (Business Exception)",
      "技术异常 (Technical Exception)",
      "检查型异常 (Checked Exception)"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "文档中明确将异常分为三类。业务异常是与业务逻辑直接相关的，例如用户输入的数据不符合业务规则。系统异常通常与外部环境或资源有关，而技术异常多为编程错误。",
    "source": "文档中「1. 分类异常」部分",
    "hint": "文档将异常分为了三类，回顾一下与业务逻辑直接相关的错误属于哪一类？"
  },
  {
    "question": "文档中提到了“异常链”技术，它的主要目的是什么？",
    "options": [
      "将多个不相关的异常合并成一个进行处理，以简化代码。",
      "在捕获一个异常后，将其包装在一个新的异常中抛出，以提供更多的上下文信息。",
      "创建一个异常的序列，让它们按顺序自动恢复。",
      "完全替换掉原始异常，隐藏底层的错误细节。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "异常链的核心思想是保留原始异常（cause），并将其作为新异常的一部分。这样做可以在不丢失根本原因的情况下，添加更高层次的、更具业务含义的错误描述，非常有助于问题排查。",
    "source": "文档中「3. 使用异常链」部分",
    "hint": "思考一下 `throw new CustomException(\"...\", e);` 这行代码中，第二个参数 `e` 的作用是什么？"
  },
  {
    "question": "在Spring Boot应用中，为了实现“异常处理的统一性”，文档推荐使用哪种方式来集中处理未捕获的异常？",
    "options": [
      "在每个Service方法中使用try-catch块。",
      "创建一个继承自`Exception`的基类。",
      "使用`@ControllerAdvice`和`@ExceptionHandler`注解创建一个全局异常处理器。",
      "在`main`方法中添加一个全局的try-catch。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "文档中的示例代码明确展示了使用`@ControllerAdvice`注解的类来作为全局异常处理器。这种方式可以将异常处理逻辑从业务控制器（Controller）中分离出来，实现代码解耦和逻辑复用，是Spring框架推荐的最佳实践。",
    "source": "文档中「4. 异常处理的统一性」部分",
    "hint": "文档提供了一段Spring Boot的示例代码来演示如何在一个中央位置处理所有异常。"
  },
  {
    "question": "关于向最终用户展示错误信息，文档强调的最佳实践是什么？",
    "options": [
      "直接将异常的`getMessage()`内容返回给用户，以便他们了解技术细节。",
      "提供一个清晰、友好的错误提示，同时将详细的技术异常信息记录到日志中供开发者排查。",
      "将完整的堆栈跟踪（stack trace）信息展示在页面上，以实现完全的透明。",
      "为所有类型的错误都返回一个统一的、模糊的提示，如“发生未知错误”。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "一个优雅的系统应该对用户友好。将内部技术细节（如堆栈跟踪）暴露给用户不仅会造成困惑，还可能带来安全风险。正确的做法是：给用户一个友好的、可操作的提示，并将详细的技术日志记录在后端，供开发和运维团队使用。",
    "source": "文档中「5. 提供用户友好的错误信息」部分",
    "hint": "思考一下，作为一名普通用户，你希望在软件出错时看到什么样的提示？"
  },
  {
    "question": "文档中为什么建议“避免捕获过于宽泛的异常”，例如`catch (Exception e)`？",
    "options": [
      "因为捕获`Exception`会消耗比捕获具体异常更多的内存。",
      "因为这会掩盖所有类型的异常，包括本应让程序崩溃的严重编程错误（如`NullPointerException`），导致问题被隐藏。",
      "因为Java编译器不允许捕获`Exception`类。",
      "因为这会导致事务无法正常回滚。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "捕获一个非常通用的异常（如`Exception`或`Throwable`）是一种坏习惯。它会将预期的异常（如文件找不到）和非预期的程序错误（如空指针）混在一起处理，可能会导致程序在一个不稳定的状态下继续运行，从而隐藏了真正的bug，给调试带来巨大困难。",
    "source": "文档中「8. 避免捕获过于宽泛的异常」部分",
    "hint": "如果一个`try`块中可能出现`IOException`和`NullPointerException`，用一个`catch(Exception e)`来处理它们会带来什么问题？"
  },
  {
    "question": "根据文档对“检查型异常（Checked Exception）”和“运行时异常（Runtime Exception）”的区分，以下哪项描述是正确的？",
    "options": [
      "运行时异常（如`NullPointerException`）必须在方法签名中使用`throws`关键字声明。",
      "检查型异常（如`IOException`）通常由程序逻辑错误引起，应该在代码中避免。",
      "检查型异常（如`SQLException`）必须在方法签名中声明或在代码块中捕获处理。",
      "所有异常都应该被转换为运行时异常，以简化代码。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "Java的异常体系中，检查型异常（继承自`Exception`但不包括`RuntimeException`及其子类）是编译器强制要求处理的异常。调用一个声明抛出检查型异常的方法时，你必须用`try-catch`捕获它，或者在自己的方法签名上用`throws`继续声明抛出。这是为了提醒调用者，这里可能会发生一个需要关注的外部错误。",
    "source": "文档中「9. 合理使用检查型异常和运行时异常」部分",
    "hint": "思考一下Java编译器在处理`IOException`和`NullPointerException`时有何不同。"
  },
  {
    "question": "“异常的责任分离”原则提倡什么？",
    "options": [
      "将所有`try-catch`代码块都放在代码的最高层，例如`main`方法中。",
      "让每个方法都自己处理掉所有可能发生的异常，不向外抛出。",
      "将业务逻辑代码和异常处理代码分离开，例如使用专门的异常处理类或切面。",
      "通过日志级别（如ERROR, WARN）来分离不同异常的责任。"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "该原则遵循了软件设计中的“单一职责原则”。业务逻辑代码的核心职责是实现业务功能，而异常处理的职责是应对错误情况。将两者混杂在一起会使代码难以阅读和维护。通过全局异常处理器或专门的`ErrorHandler`类，可以使业务代码更纯粹、更聚焦于其核心功能。",
    "source": "文档中「10. 异常的责任分离」部分",
    "hint": "该原则旨在让代码结构更清晰，避免业务逻辑和错误处理逻辑混杂在一起。"
  }
];
        console.log("Quiz Data:", JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(quizData))); // 添加这行用于调试，以可展开的JSON格式输出
        
        let currentQuestionIndex = 0;
        let score = 0;
        // 存储每个问题的回答状态
        const userAnswers = new Array(quizData.length).fill(null); 

        const questionTextEl = document.getElementById('question-text');
        const optionsListEl = document.getElementById('options-list');
        const resultContainerEl = document.getElementById('result-container');
        const quizContentEl = document.getElementById('quiz-content');
        const progressIndicatorEl = document.getElementById('progress-indicator');
        const prevBtn = document.getElementById('prev-btn');
        const nextBtn = document.getElementById('next-btn');
        const hintBtn = document.getElementById('hint-btn');
        const hintContainerEl = document.getElementById('hint-container');

        function loadQuestion() {
          resultContainerEl.innerHTML = '';
          optionsListEl.innerHTML = '';
          hintContainerEl.style.display = 'none'; // 隐藏提示
          
          if (currentQuestionIndex >= quizData.length) {
            showFinalScore();
            return;
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          updateProgress();

          const currentQuestion = quizData[currentQuestionIndex];
          questionTextEl.textContent = `(${currentQuestionIndex + 1}/${quizData.length}) ${currentQuestion.question}`;
          
          currentQuestion.options.forEach((optionText, index) => {
            const li = document.createElement('li');
            li.className = 'option-item';
            li.textContent = optionText;
            li.dataset.index = index; // Store index in a data attribute
            // 如果这道题已经回答过，恢复状态
            if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] !== null) {
                if (index === userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex]) {
                    li.classList.add('selected');
                }
            }
            optionsListEl.appendChild(li);
          });

          // 如果已经回答过，直接显示结果
          if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] !== null) {
              const isCorrect = userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] === currentQuestion.correctAnswerIndex;
              showResult(isCorrect, currentQuestion);
          }
          
          updateNavigationButtons();
          updateProgress();
        }

        function selectOption(optionIndex) {
            userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] = optionIndex;
            const currentQuestion = quizData[currentQuestionIndex];
            const isCorrect = optionIndex === currentQuestion.correctAnswerIndex;

            // 重新计算分数
            score = userAnswers.reduce((acc, answer, index) => {
                return answer === quizData[index].correctAnswerIndex ? acc + 1 : acc;
            }, 0);

            showResult(isCorrect, currentQuestion);
            updateNavigationButtons();
        }
        
        function updateProgress() {
            const answeredQuestions = userAnswers.filter(answer => answer !== null).length;
            const progressPercentage = (answeredQuestions / quizData.length) * 100;
            progressIndicatorEl.style.width = `${progressPercentage}%`;
        }
        
        function updateNavigationButtons() {
            prevBtn.style.display = 'block';
            nextBtn.style.display = 'block';
            hintBtn.style.display = 'block'; // 显示提示按钮

            prevBtn.disabled = currentQuestionIndex === 0;
            nextBtn.disabled = false; // 最后一题时，下一题按钮不禁用，而是用于显示报告
            nextBtn.textContent = (currentQuestionIndex === quizData.length - 1) ? '查看报告' : '下一题';
            
            // 如果当前问题没有提示，则禁用提示按钮并隐藏提示内容
            if (!quizData[currentQuestionIndex].hint) {
                hintBtn.disabled = true;
                hintContainerEl.style.display = 'none';
                hintContainerEl.textContent = ''; // 清除旧的提示内容
            } else {
                hintBtn.disabled = false;
            }
        }

        function showResult(isCorrect, questionData) {
            resultContainerEl.innerHTML = ''; // 清空之前的结果
            const resultBox = document.createElement('div');
            resultBox.className = `result-box ${isCorrect ? 'correct' : 'incorrect'}`;
            
            let html = `<h3>${isCorrect ? '回答正确！' : '回答错误'}</h3>`;
            if (!isCorrect) {
                html += `<p><strong>正确答案是：</strong> ${questionData.options[questionData.correctAnswerIndex]}</p>`;
            }
            html += `<div class="explanation-text">${questionData.explanation}</div>`;
            html += `<div class="source-text">来源: ${questionData.source}</div>`;
            
            resultBox.innerHTML = html;
            resultContainerEl.appendChild(resultBox);

            // 禁用所有选项的点击事件，并高亮正确/错误答案
            Array.from(optionsListEl.children).forEach((child, index) => {
                child.style.pointerEvents = 'none';
                // 高亮正确答案
                if (index === questionData.correctAnswerIndex) {
                    child.classList.add('correct'); // 需要添加CSS样式
                    child.style.backgroundColor = '#d4edda';
                    child.style.borderColor = '#c3e6cb';
                }
                // 如果选错了，高亮错误选项
                if (!isCorrect && index === userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex]) {
                    child.classList.add('incorrect'); // 需要添加CSS样式
                    child.style.backgroundColor = '#f8d7da';
                    child.style.borderColor = '#f5c6cb';
                }
            });
        }

        function goToNextQuestion() {
            if (currentQuestionIndex < quizData.length - 1) {
                currentQuestionIndex++;
                loadQuestion();
            } else {
                showFinalScore();
            }
        }

        function goToPreviousQuestion() {
            if (currentQuestionIndex > 0) {
                currentQuestionIndex--;
                loadQuestion();
            }
        }
        
        function showHint() {
            const currentQuestion = quizData[currentQuestionIndex];
            if (currentQuestion.hint) {
                hintContainerEl.textContent = currentQuestion.hint;
                hintContainerEl.style.display = 'block';
            } else {
                hintContainerEl.style.display = 'none';
            }
        }

        function showFinalScore() {
            document.querySelector('.quiz-body').style.display = 'none';
            document.getElementById('quiz-footer').style.display = 'none';

            const correctCount = score;
            const totalQuestions = quizData.length;
            const answeredCount = userAnswers.filter(a => a !== null).length;
            const wrongCount = answeredCount - correctCount;
            const skippedCount = totalQuestions - answeredCount;
            const accuracy = totalQuestions > 0 ? Math.round((correctCount / totalQuestions) * 100) : 0;
            const errorRate = totalQuestions > 0 ? Math.round((wrongCount / totalQuestions) * 100) : 0;

            const finalScoreHtml =
                '<div class="final-score-container">' +
                '<h2>答题报告</h2>' +
                '<div class="score-summary">' +
                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>得分</h3>' +
                '<p>' + correctCount + ' / ' + totalQuestions + '</p>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>正确率</h3>' +
                '<p>' + accuracy + '%</p>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>错误率</h3>' +
                '<p>' + errorRate + '%</p>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="score-card score-details">' +
                '<table>' +
                '<tr><td>正确</td><td>' + correctCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>错误</td><td>' + wrongCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>未答</td><td>' + skippedCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '</table>' +
                '</div>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="report-actions">' +
                '<button id="review-btn">回顾测验</button>' +
                '<button class="primary" onclick="location.reload()">再试一次</button>' +
                '</div>' +
                '</div>';

            let reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }
            quizContentEl.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', finalScoreHtml);
            document.getElementById('review-btn').addEventListener('click', reviewQuiz);
        }

        function reviewQuiz() {
            const reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }

            document.querySelector('.quiz-body').style.display = 'block';
            document.getElementById('quiz-footer').style.display = 'flex';
            
            currentQuestionIndex = 0;
            loadQuestion();
            updateNavigationButtons(); // Ensure nav buttons are correctly displayed
        }

        // Event Delegation for options
        optionsListEl.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
            if (event.target && event.target.matches('li.option-item')) {
                // Check if the question has already been answered
                if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] === null) {
                    const selectedIndex = parseInt(event.target.dataset.index, 10);
                    selectOption(selectedIndex);
                }
            }
        });

        prevBtn.addEventListener('click', goToPreviousQuestion);
        nextBtn.addEventListener('click', goToNextQuestion);
        hintBtn.addEventListener('click', showHint);
        
        // 初始加载
        loadQuestion();
      </script>
    </body>
    </html>
  